2x Board Sizes. 2x4 and 2x6 boards lose 1/2 inch in thickness and 1/2 inch in width before leaving the mill. That means a 2 x 4 board is actually 1-1/2 inches by 3-1/2 …The use of stainless steel, triple coated galvanized, or aluminum fasteners. Rough on 4 sides for rustic look. Actual size: dimensions at time of manufacture. Product dimensions will vary depending on moisture content. Optional Accessories. Specifications. Nominal Dimensions. 2 in x 12 in x 16 ft. Grade.Every piece of 2 in. x 6 in. x 14 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests. Note ...These tables provide maximum spans for the #2 grades of four common species of lumber (Southern Pine, Douglas Fir, Hem-fir, and Spruce-pine-fir (SPF). Determine Maximum Joist and Rafter Spans. ... The number 1 grade material is more expensive than the #2 grade, but if you can use fewer or smaller number 1 grade joists or rafters in your design ...115.00. 2 x 3 x 10. 130.00. 2 x 3 x 12. 150.00. Price and Standard Sizes of Coco Lumber per pc in the Philippines. UPDATED: Construction Material Prices for Coco Lumber in the Philippines (September 2023) UPDATED: All Construction Prices are based on retail prices around hardware in Metro Manila. To see other material construction, …This S-green 2 in. x 12 in. x 22 ft. Douglas Fir Lumber is #2 and Better S4S grade. It is smooth-textured. It has an actual dimension of 1-1/2 in. x 11-1/2 in. x 20 ft. Product must be special ordered at store. Please visit local store's pro desk to confirm availability and pricing. Made of douglas fir. Use for a wide range of construction and ...Kiln dried and heat treated for extra stability. Each piece of this lumber meets the highest quality grading standards. Actual size: dimensions at time of manufacture. Product dimensions will vary depending on moisture content. Optional Accessories. Specifications. Nominal Dimensions. 2 in x 12 in x 12 ft. Grade.Every piece of 2 in. x 6 in. x 12 ft. Kiln-Dried Heat Treated Dimensional Lumber meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. This high quality lumber is ideal for a wide range of structural and nonstructural applications including framing of houses, barns, sheds, and commercial construction. Perfect for projects that require structural dimensional lumber that meets ... Home Building Materials Lumber & Boards Dimensional Lumber 2 x 12 x 20' #2 & Better Construction/Framing Lumber (Actual Size 1-1/2" x 11-1/4" x 20') Model Number: …Manufactured from Southern Yellow Pine, a resource that meets high grading standards for strength and appearance. Precision-graded for consistent appearance and minimal waste. A square-edge appearance with minimal wane and warp for a bright and clean appearance. 1.5 in. x 11.25 in. x 12 ft. (Common: 2-in x 12-in x 16-ft; Actual: 1.5-in x 11.25-in x 16-ft) Southern Yellow Pine products are ideal for residential, commercial and industrial construction projects. Natural beauty provides architectural appeal. An excellent choice for environmentally responsible construction. Known for strength and stability It can also be used for projects such as furniture and hobbies, and comes in a variety of widths and lengths. Find Simpson's Gold Label 2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Kiln Dried Douglas Fir Dimensional Lumber at The Home Depot. Product ID #: 202735426 Internet #: 814631010532 Model #: 433883. North America lumber sizes are usually given in "nominal" measurements, which is the size of lumber cut from moist logs. ... For example, 1x8 actual size is 3/4" x 7-1/4", and 2 x 12 actual size is 1-1/2" x 11-1/4", and 2x 10 actual size is 1-1/2" x 9-1/4". Nominal Size: Standard Dressed Size. in. x in. Standard Dressed Size. mm x mmSevere Weather 6-in x 6-in x 12-ft #2 Southern Yellow Pine Ground Contact Pressure Treated Lumber. This sturdy pressure-treated timber #2 southern yellow pine meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Treated for protection from termites and rot, it is ideal for a variety of applications including decks, gazebos, docks, ramps …When you’re working on a project or craft that requires the use of wood, you want to make sure you can get the components you need at a price point that’ll keep you in budget. Read...2 x 12 x 32′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 166.40. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 32′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready for local delivery or in store pickup. *All Lumber is subject to allocation. Please chat for more details. A cubic foot is equal to 12 inches x 12 inches x 12 inches, or 1,728 cubic inches. A 2×4 is 63 cubic inches per foot. 63 is 1/27.4286 of 1,728, or 3.6458% of a cubic foot (63/1728 x 100 = 3.6458). Step 5. Find 3.6458% of the density in pounds per cubic foot of your 2×4 wood species. Let’s say you’re trying to figure out the weight of a 2 ...2 x 12 x 24′ #2 Pressure Treated Lumber. $ 104.69. Made of southern yellow pine. Ideal for exposed structures, sill plates, decks, docks, ramps and other outdoor applications. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 24′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. Approved for ground contact. In stock and ready for local ... Item # 432516 |. Model # WF210TOPCHC12. 63. Common: 2-in x 10-in x 12-ft; Actual: 1.5-in x 9.25-in x 12-ft. Tight grain lumber with small knots that is resistant to cupping, twisting, and bowing. High quality lumber from the Inland Northwest region in North America. THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE. Please check later - it'll be ready for ... Severe Weather 6-in x 6-in x 12-ft #2 Southern Yellow Pine Ground Contact Pressure Treated Lumber. This sturdy pressure-treated timber #2 southern yellow pine meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Treated for protection from termites and rot, it is ideal for a variety of applications including decks, gazebos, docks, ramps …Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 8 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests. Note ... Shop 2-in x 12-in x 20-ft southern yellow pine kiln-dried lumberLowes.com. Find a Store Near Me. ... 2-in x 12-in Pressure Treated Lumber. 2-in x 4-in Dimensional Lumber. Lumber Studs. 2-in x 12-in Dimensional Lumber. 2-in x 8-in Dimensional Lumber. Southern yellow pine Pressure Treated Lumber.Description. Our 2 x 2 x 16′ #2 lumber is met with the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is ideal for framing, roof trusses, floor joists, and can even be used for non-structural projects. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is lightweight and can even be painted or stained with ease.Find 1-in x 2-in lumber & composites at Lowe's today. Shop lumber & composites and a variety of building supplies products online at Lowes.com. ... Nelson Wood Shims 0.3125-in x 1.375-in x 7.875-in 12-Pack Pine Wood Shim. Nelson DIY pine shims are handy for numerous household projects. Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or a hardworking …Hardwood lumber supplier Woodworkers Source has all your exotic hardwood and domestic hardwood needs. Woodworkers are loving Mahogany Genuine. ... 1-3/4" x 1-3/4" x 12" $11.00 ea. Free Shipping Available 10 Genuine Mahogany Turning Squares: 1-3/4" x 1-3/4" x 18" $16.00 ea.Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests. Shop 2-in x 12-in x 20-ft southern yellow pine kiln-dried lumberLowes.com. Find a Store Near Me. ... 2-in x 12-in Pressure Treated Lumber. 2-in x 4-in Dimensional Lumber. Lumber Studs. 2-in x 12-in Dimensional Lumber. 2-in x 8-in Dimensional Lumber. Southern yellow pine Pressure Treated Lumber.2 in. x 2 in. x 12 ft. #2 Common Board. Questions & Answers (3) Hover Image to Zoom. Meets highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Easy to cut, fasten and paint, perfect for many building projects. Ideal for framing, houses, sheds, and other structures. View More Details. Lumber can be primed and painted or sealed and stained; Highly recommended sealing red knots with shellac based sealer prior to priming and painting to prevent bleed through; For interior or exterior use; Common: 1 in. x 12in. x 8 ft.; Actual: 0.75 in. x 11.25 in. x 96 in. Weighs approximately 12 lbs. Untreated premium lumber WeatherShield 2 in. x 6 in. x 8 ft. 2 Prime Ground Contact Pressure-Treated Southern Yellow Pine Lumber. 10 ft. Southern Pine. #2 prime. Paintable,Pressure Treated,Stainable,Water Resistant. MCA - Micronized Copper Azole. 0.15 lb/ft3.Cleaning LPs with a bottle of wood glue is hardly an intuitive way to get more mileage out of that bottle of glue in your workshop or clean a beloved LP. The results, however, are ...Southern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction uses due to its structural properties and fiber density. It provides superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity.Every piece of 2 in. x 6 in. x 12 ft. Kiln-Dried Heat Treated Dimensional Lumber meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. This high quality lumber is ideal for a wide range of structural and nonstructural applications including framing of houses, barns, sheds, and commercial construction. Perfect for projects that require structural dimensional lumber that meets ... Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 8 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests.Watch this video to see how to use preservative to treat the end grain of lumber. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show Late...Item # 432516 |. Model # WF210TOPCHC12. 63. Common: 2-in x 10-in x 12-ft; Actual: 1.5-in x 9.25-in x 12-ft. Tight grain lumber with small knots that is resistant to cupping, twisting, and bowing. High quality lumber from the Inland Northwest region in North America. THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE. Please check later - it'll be ready for ... 115.00. 2 x 3 x 10. 130.00. 2 x 3 x 12. 150.00. Price and Standard Sizes of Coco Lumber per pc in the Philippines. UPDATED: Construction Material Prices for Coco Lumber in the Philippines (September 2023) UPDATED: All Construction Prices are based on retail prices around hardware in Metro Manila. To see other material construction, …Hardwood lumber supplier Woodworkers Source has all your exotic hardwood and domestic hardwood needs. Woodworkers are loving Cherry. Stores About Us Email Us ... Cherry 12/4 Lumber. 20% Off $12.99 $10.39 /Board Feet. On Sale 22 Cherry 4/4 Lumber Pack: 6 Boards, Choose Your Size. 20% Off $129.00 $99.00 /Pack. Free Shipping (48 U.S.)2 x 12 x 20′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 28.80. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 20′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready for local delivery or in store pickup. *All Lumber is subject to allocation. Please chat for more details. Severe Weather 6-in x 6-in x 12-ft #2 Southern Yellow Pine Ground Contact Pressure Treated Lumber. This sturdy pressure-treated timber #2 southern yellow pine meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Treated for protection from termites and rot, it is ideal for a variety of applications including decks, gazebos, docks, ramps …Versatile and strong, suitable for lumber framing projects. Each piece of this lumber meets the highest quality grading standards. Actual size: dimensions at time of manufacture. Product dimensions will vary depending on moisture content. Optional Accessories. Specifications. Nominal Dimensions. 2 in x 12 in x 18 ft. Grade.2 inches x 2 inches x 8 feet (2 x 2 x 8 Kiln Dried) Price: Php 115.00 - Php 130.00. 2 inches x 3 inches x 10 feet (2 x 3 x 10 Mahogany wood) Price: Php 150.00 - Diong Sawmill and Lumber Dealer (Address: Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental) 2 inches x 3 inches x 12 feet (2 x 3 x 12 Mahogany wood) Price:Wood is a natural product with inherent, random characteristics such as knots and wane, making each piece visually unique. #2 & Better grade southern yellow pine. Versatile and strong, suitable for lumber framing projects. Actual size: dimensions at time of manufacture. Product dimensions will vary depending on moisture content.Lumber sizes chart for 1x2, 2x4. Nominal size vs Actual size boards. EZwoodshop.com. EZ Woodworking Plywood Prices Plywood Grades CDX Plywood Lumber ... That means a 2 x 4 board is actually 1-1/2 inches by 3-1/2 inches. The larger 2x boards (2x8, 2x10, etc.) lose 3/4 inch in width. That means a 2x10 is actually 1 1/2 inch in …2-in x 12-in x 12-ft Douglas Fir Kiln-dried Lumber. Recommended for a wide range of construction and project applications including framing, houses, barns, sheds, furniture and hobbies. Strong, reliable, workable wood is …(Common: 2-in x 12-in x 16-ft; Actual: 1.5-in x 11.25-in x 16-ft) Southern Yellow Pine products are ideal for residential, commercial and industrial construction projects. Natural beauty provides architectural appeal. An excellent choice for environmentally responsible construction. Known for strength and stability 2 x 12 x 32′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 166.40. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 32′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready for local delivery or in store pickup. *All Lumber is subject to allocation. Please chat for more details. Southern yellow pine lumber was chosen for its strength and appearance from the finest mills that meet stringent, sustainable forestry guidelines. It is easy to work with and preferred for interior construction uses due to its structural properties and fiber density. It provides superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity.Renewable resource from environmentally managed forests. 2 in. x 12 in. x 14 ft. Product is SFI certified. Click to learn how to select the right lumber for your project. Return Policy. California residents. see Prop 65 WARNINGS. Product ID #: 202094266 Internet #: 073291332143 Model #: 553135.Hover Image to Zoom. $ 24 48. Ponderosa Pine has excellent workability for a variety of uses. Soft Textured wood with straight, close and uniform grain. Pine is known for it's ability to take nails without splitting. View More Details. Nominal Width (in) * Length (ft): 12 in. X 12 ft. 12 in. X 12 ft. Unavailable at South Loop.2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Premium #2 and Better Douglas Fir Lumber Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading …Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 8 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading standards for strength and appearance, and is easy to cut, fasten and paint, making this the best choice for many building projects. This product is third-party certified, signifying sourcing from renewable and environmentally managed forests. Note ... Description. Our 2 x 2 x 16′ #2 lumber is met with the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is ideal for framing, roof trusses, floor joists, and can even be used for non-structural projects. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is lightweight and can even be painted or stained with ease.Description. Our 2 x 2 x 16′ #2 lumber is met with the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is ideal for framing, roof trusses, floor joists, and can even be used for non-structural projects. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is lightweight and can even be painted or stained with ease. 1 in. x 2 in. x 8 ft. Spruce/Pine/Fir Common Board (Actual Dimensions: 0.70 in. x 1.45 in. x 96 in.) ... Lumber Grade: 2 Common: Material: Wood: Moisture content: Kiln Dried: Number Of Boards Per Pack: 1: Texture: Smooth: ... Feb 12, 2022. 2 Answers. Answer This Question. A: Yes, but these are only a 1x2. So you would want to use more of them ...2 x 12 x 32′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 166.40. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 32′. No two pieces are the same. Can …ECOFOR LUMBER #2 S4S 2X2X8 You’re shopping from Libis. Change store Compare Products (0) | Visit a ... Size: 2 x 2 inches (8ft height) Graded Stamp: #2 ₱240.00 / PC. Add to Cart . Buy Now. Add to Wishlist. Add to Wishlist. Compare. Share. Skip …Hard White Maple 1/2" Shorts Pack, 5 Boards. 25% Off. $79.00 $59.00 /Pack. Free Shipping (48 U.S.) Hardwood lumber supplier Woodworkers Source has all your exotic hardwood and domestic hardwood needs.When it comes to outdoor projects, wood is the traditional choice for many people. However, there are some advantages to using 2×4 plastic lumber instead. This type of lumber is ma...Alexandria Moulding 1-1/2 in. x 1-1/2 in. x 3 ft. Poplar Wood Hobby Board. 0/0. Related Searches. 2x4x8 pressure treated. lumber 2x4. 2x4x8 studs. 2 x 4 x 8. 2x4 wood. premium framing lumber. ... 12 X 15 Bedroom Area Rugs; Shop Chenille 9 X 12 Area Rugs; Shop Visualizer Enabled Highly Rated Engineered Hardwood; Kitchen.2 x 12 x 28′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 123.20. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 28′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready for local delivery or in store pickup. *All Lumber is subject to allocation. Please chat for more details. Every piece meets the stamped grading standards for strength and high quality appearance. Ideal for framing, houses, barns, sheds and other structures and hobbies. Lumber can be primed and painted or sealed and stained. Untreated premium lumber. Common: 2 in. x 6 in. x 12 ft., actual: 1.5 in. x 5.5 in. x 144 in. Return Policy.2 x 6 Lumber. 2 x 12 Lumber. Shop Lumber by Wood Species. Cedar . Douglas Fir . Oak . Teak . Eastern White Pine. Southern Yellow Pine. ... Nelson Wood Shims 0.3125-in x 1.375-in x 7.875-in 12-Pack Pine Wood Shim. Nelson DIY pine shims are handy for numerous household projects. Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or a hardworking contractor, Nelson ...Ideal for decks, play sets, landscaping, stair support, walkways and other outdoor projects where lumber is exposed to the elements; Pressure-treated with micronized copper azole to help protect against termites, …Description. Our 2 x 2 x 16′ #2 lumber is met with the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is ideal for framing, roof trusses, floor joists, and can even be used for non-structural projects. #2 Construction Grade Lumber is lightweight and can even be painted or stained with ease.Lumber & Composites. Shop Vinyl Black Snow Fencing; 10 sq ft Multi-Colored Wall Paneling; Shop Handprint Birch Project Panels; Outdoor Essentials Pressure Treated Wood Fence Pickets; Dundee Deco Falkirk Uffcott III 1 in x 39.4 in. x 19.7 in. Auburn Faux Wood Styrofoam 3D Decorative Wall Panel (10-Pack) AC2® pressure treated lumber uses southern yellow pine to provide optimum strength and appearance on any outdoor project left exposed to the the elements. Treated lumber is a renewable building product that is safe for use in any application, including those around pets, playsets, and vegetable gardens. AC2® treated lumber can be painted or stained …2-in x 12-in x 12-ft Douglas Fir Kiln-dried Lumber. Recommended for a wide range of construction and project applications including framing, houses, barns, sheds, furniture and hobbies. Strong, reliable, workable wood is …2 x 12 x 24′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 52.80. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 24′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready …2 x 12 x 24′ #2 Construction Grade Lumber. $ 52.80. Ideal for framing, roof trusses, and floor joists. Actual Dimensions: 1-1/2″ x 11-1/4″ x 24′. No two pieces are the same. Can be painted or stained. In stock and ready …Ideal for decks, play sets, landscaping, stair support, walkways and other outdoor projects where lumber is exposed to the elements; Pressure-treated with micronized copper azole to help protect against termites, …Severe Weather 6-in x 6-in x 12-ft #2 Southern Yellow Pine Ground Contact Pressure Treated Lumber. This sturdy pressure-treated timber #2 southern yellow pine meets the highest grading standards for strength and appearance. Treated for protection from termites and rot, it is ideal for a variety of applications including decks, gazebos, docks, ramps …2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Premium #2 and Better Douglas Fir Lumber Every piece of 2 in. x 12 in. x 20 ft. Premium #2 and Better Fir Lumber meets high grading …Douglas fir weathers well outdoors in the rain and sun. Douglas fir patio components are available in 2 in. x 2 in. thru 6 in. x 6 in. dimensions. Doug fir can be painted or stained. For use in above ground applications. Return Policy. California residents. see Prop 65 WARNINGS. Product ID #: 203758920 Internet #: 090489254841 Model #: 160185.Renewable resource from environmentally managed forests. 2 in. x 12 in. x 14 ft. Product is SFI certified. Click to learn how to select the right lumber for your project. Return Policy. California residents. see Prop 65 WARNINGS. Product ID #: 202094266 Internet #: 073291332143 Model #: 553135.Stud-grade lumber is usually light, flexible softwood, and you must install it vertically. It’s especially good for load-bearing walls. Use a combination of framing lumber and studs to put walls together professionally. When you’re ready, get started on this project by checking out our Plywood Buying Guide. Find 2-in x 3-in framing lumber ...Item # 432516 |. Model # WF210TOPCHC12. 63. Common: 2-in x 10-in x 12-ft; Actual: 1.5-in x 9.25-in x 12-ft. Tight grain lumber with small knots that is resistant to cupping, twisting, and bowing. High quality lumber from the Inland Northwest region in North America. THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE. Please check later - it'll be ready for ...3/4″ x 4′ x 8′ – Ordinary Plywood. pc. 1,112.00. Assorted Nails. Kg. 65.00. All amount in Php. To see all the material prices we have posted click here. The construction materials above are the most common materials needed for timber formworks and scaffolds.#2 Prime Southern Yellow Pine. Ground Contact. Actual: 1.5-in x 11.25-in x 8-ft. Treated for protection against fungal decay, rot and termites. Treatment meets AWPA (American Wood Protection Association) standards. Limited lifetime warranty that protects against rot, decay, and wood ingesting insects2 in. x 12 in. x 12 ft. Must use Ground Contact pressure treated lumber where lumber is at risk for poor air circulation, less than six inches from the ground, or has poor or no water drainage below the structure #2 grade lumber has few defects, knots are well-spaced and do not exceed the size regulations. . Backed by a Lifetime Limited Residential Warranty against rot, decSevere Weather2-in x 12-in x 20-ft #2 Southern Yellow Pine Ground Co 2 x Lumber is available in a range of nominal sizes including 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8, 2x10, 2x12, and 2x14. The actual dimensions of 2 x Lumber include a width of …Versatile and strong, suitable for lumber framing projects. Each piece of this lumber meets the highest quality grading standards. Actual size: dimensions at time of manufacture. Product dimensions will vary depending on moisture content. Optional Accessories. Specifications. Nominal Dimensions. 2 in x 12 in x 12 ft. Grade. At Ace, you can make your projects go quicker and easier by buyi Precision-graded for consistent appearance and minimal waste. A square-edge appearance with minimal wane and warp for a bright and clean appearance. 1.5 in. x 11.25 in. x 20 ft. … Holds nails and screws securely, as well as variet...
Continue Reading